A Deep Dive into the Future of Mobility

Why Are We Buying Fewer Cars?

In recent years, the global auto industry has been experiencing a decrease in worldwide sales: COVID-19 notwithstanding, global auto sales are estimated at 59.5 million in 2020, a 20% year-on-year decline.

Global Car Sales: 2010-2020

Car sales were estimated to reach 80 million in 2019, but ended up down on the year; 2020 is expected to show an acceleration of this decline as the COVID-19 lockdowns and its wider economic malaise cause consumer purchasing pullbacks. Restricted mobility is lowering demand for public transport and air travel, but people are not necessarily moving less. Enthusiasm for bikes and scooters (especially in dense urban areas) shows that alternative modes are being sought.

New trends are emerging within the space of weeks, such as micromobility OEMs (e.g., e-scooters, e-bikes, etc.) that are pivoting to direct-to-consumer sales instead of via B2B. The ubiquitous mobility sharing platforms (e.g., Lime) are also adapting revenue models to consider new consumer needs by offering daily, monthly, or even yearly rental plans.

Economic crises aside, there are other underlying reasons contributing to a reduction in the volume of car sales. First, players from different regions and industries - normally outside the traditional automotive set - are gaining ground. The automotive industry has become appealing for a wider pool of investors: tech companies, venture capital funds, and private equity players. New stakeholders are dominating investment volumes in automotive and mobility startups.

From 2010 to 2018, more than $115 billion of investment went into mobility startups, of which 94% originated from outside the automotive industry.

Moreover, new regions, especially in Asia, are gaining more significance within automotive production.

A growing wave of technology-driven megatrends is redefining mobility. The automotive product is changing, with electronics and software growing in prominence in terms of its value in a vehicle. Such features require skills outside traditional core competencies of automotive engineering. Vehicle software content is estimated to grow at a compound annual rate of 11%, making up to 30% of vehicle value by 2030.

The Trends Transforming the Future of Mobility

The next decade will see a range of innovative headwinds shift the dimensions of mobility toward new horizons. Changing consumer needs are key, with the industry progressively moving from an ownership model toward a Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) access model, especially for younger generations. Three pillars have given rise to this change:

1. Alternative powertrain options
2. Electric vehicle advances
3. Popularity of on-demand service access

Social phenomena are influencing the rise of MaaS - increasing urbanization, population growth, and environmental concerns provide favorable conditions. New mobility forms are required to serve such needs, which is leading to predictions that our contemporary vehicle-centric system of fossil fuel-powered mobility will gradually be replaced by a consumer-centric one run on electricity.

Mobility is seeing a pronounced growth of investment in new technologies, which are influencing the industry’s transformation. E-hailing (virtually ordering a transportation service), semiconductors, and sensors are the principal areas of focus, all contributing toward the development of driving assistance systems and autonomous driving.

Automotive Investment by Emergent Sector: 2010-2019

Generally, the automotive industry has always been an engine of innovation, because cars combine multiple technologies: chemical, mechanical, electrical, and (increasingly) digital ones. Cars are productive data centers - and increasingly - parts of larger mobility networks due to leaps in computing power, data generation through sensors and cameras, and cheap data storage. For example, if we look at e-hailing services and real-time data navigation systems (e.g., Waze), they offer both efficient and complementary services to existing urban mobility solutions.

Progresses in connectivity, payment technology, and voice and gesture identification allow automakers opportunities to develop innovative cockpits that can provide new kinds of content and enable in-vehicle commerce: e.g., in-vehicle digital wallets that allow the purchase of items directly from the car. In addition, Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology is gaining ground, providing a wider picture of a vehicle’s surroundings than traditional line-of-sight sensors (e.g., cameras, radar, and lidar), which makes it possible to detect connected objects in the proximity.

Modular design will play an important role in the future of mobility due to the changing function of the car. Many automakers are presenting multipurpose concept vehicles that can be utilized to carry people while providing more functionality for other uses, such as item delivery.

Considering the trends reshaping the industry, the most interesting ones that will drive innovation over the next decade are likely to be:

1. Electrification
2. Autonomous driving
3. Vehicle-to-Everything
4. Mobility-as-a-Service

1. Electrification Is the Growing Power

As automotive technologies evolve, new use cases for electric vehicles (EVs) will arise for them. Currently, electric vehicles constitute a small fraction of total global automotive sales.

Electric Vehicles as a Percentage of Global Automotive Sales

The global share of EVs is expected to increase as government regulation ramps up incentives to encourage adoption. Stricter emission and fuel economy targets at national, state, and city levels are expected to continue, especially in Europe and China. In addition, the cost to produce lithium-ion batteries, the most commonly used format, is declining, suggesting future advancement in manufacturing and scaled production of EVs. Incremental steps to reduce EV costs will inevitably assist mass consumer adoption.

Furthermore, mobility industry integration with electricity grids is emerging. There is broader access to charging infrastructure, even if EV charging can create local constraints and stability problems on power networks - while in other cases, electricity companies are attempting to use EV batteries to help stabilize grids, a sign that renewables are becoming more diffused into incumbent networks.

In the short term, automakers are facing challenges of selling enough EVs to comply with rigid fleet emission regulations and fuel economy targets while retaining profitability. The urgency of this is encouraging rapid transformation - automakers are investing in startups to expand knowledge and expertise and to capitalize on change.

Predicted Sales Price of EV Batteries by Component: 2015-2030

2019 saw the largest ever investment volumes going into electric cars, with automakers committing $225 billion to develop new EV models over the next several years. Specifically, Volkswagen (VW) led the way with an investment of $44 billion, with a goal of abandoning the development of fossil fuel-run vehicles by 2026 and selling 40% EVs by 2030. Another significant investment was made by Ford, which poured $500 million into electric truck startup Rivian.

Startups are currently focused on improving battery technology and building charging infrastructure for public and residential use. BMW and Daimler directed investment into charging infrastructure startup ChargePoint to help build out charging networks aimed at supporting their EVs. Volvo has also invested in FreeWire, a startup that delivers quiet mobile power and fast charging.

The pioneer in the EV field is Tesla, which became the highest-valued automaker in the world in July 2020, with a market capitalization of $290 billion. Founded in 2003, Tesla has reached technological leadership by producing a full range of increasingly affordable electric cars. Its vertical and horizontal integrations into solar roofs, home batteries, and wholesale solar power stations with energy storage have augmented its knowledge base, scale efforts, and societal influence.

Tesla (TSLA) Market Capitalization Growth

Other promising companies and startups involved in the EV development are:

• NIO: A Chinese startup founded in 2014 that designs and develops electric autonomous vehicles, delivering premium service.
• WM Motor: An emerging leader in the Chinese domestic passenger vehicle market, with a focus on mass-market adoption. The company offers affordable battery-powered electric vehicles, with robust driving ranges, industry-leading autonomous driving, and smart connectivity features.

2. Autonomous Driving Will Reshape How We Move

The progressive evolution of automotive technology promises greater safety benefits through Automated Driving Systems (ADS) that, in the future of mobility, could make driverless cars a reality.

Self-driving vehicles will progressively integrate six levels of driver assistance technology advancements over the coming years. The six levels range from Level 0, which requires human drivers to do all driving tasks, to Level 5, where vehicle ADS performs in every situation. The intermediate levels (NHTSA) still require human drivers to monitor the environment and perform some tasks.

• Level 0 - No Automation: Zero autonomy, driver performs all tasks.
• Level 1 - Driver Assistance: Vehicle is controlled by driver, some driving assistance features may be included in vehicle design.
• Level 2 - Partial Automation: Vehicle has combined automated functions, like acceleration and steering, but driver must remain engaged with the driving task and monitor the environment at all times.
• Level 3 - Conditional Automation: Driver is a necessity but is not required to monitor the environment. The driver must be ready to take control of the vehicle at all times.
• Level 4 - High Automation: Vehicle is capable of performing all driving functions under certain conditions. The driver may have the option to control the vehicle.
• Level 5 - Full Automation: Vehicle is capable of performing all driving functions under all conditions. The driver may have the option to control the vehicle.

Autonomous driving offers significant benefits such as increased safety, time savings, mobility for non-drivers, decreased environmental harm, and reduced transportation costs. With regard to personal safety, already a number of current vehicles use a combination of hardware (sensors, cameras, and radar) and software to help vehicles identify certain risks and avoid crashes.

Autonomous Vehicle (AV) technology adoption will be evolutionary. For the time being, it’s expected for Level 4 autonomy to become available between 2020 and 2023, with full adoption arriving later on. Improvements in sensor technology and in machine vision software are enabling semi-autonomous driving. Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) includes new capabilities such as adaptive cruise control, automatic braking, and traffic and lane departure warnings, which enhance driver capabilities and assist in case of distraction or tiredness. Enhancing driver safety technology is the only way to combat car accidents, as ¾ of them are caused by driver incapacity to estimate the driving conditions.

On the hardware side, improvements have been made in automotive sensors that help vehicles detect and manage surroundings - a significant feature for driver assistance technology. Each sensor offers different strengths: Cameras recognize colors and fonts, radars detect distance and speed, and lidar creates highly accurate 3D renderings of surroundings. However, these sensors also have some constraints and cannot be used in isolation given the detection accuracy needed for semi-autonomous and fully autonomous vehicles.

According to a market research report by Inkwood Research, the Global Advanced Driver Assistance System market size was $4.6 billion in 2017, with estimates of growth set to continue at a CAGR of 19.01%.

Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) Global Market Size: 2017-2026

European automotive giants are leading the way in ADAS developments, aided by advanced manufacturing resources and governmental assistance, such as through Euro NCAP safety standards, which encourage the integration of the technology.

Some automakers are prioritizing advanced driver assistance rather than full autonomy. For example, Toyota’s goal is to develop a vehicle that is “incapable of causing a crash,” which suggests a future that is not necessarily driverless. Nonetheless, other automakers still want to achieve full autonomy, and the market value is projected to reach roughly $80 billion by 2025. Another interesting trend is the more immediate business application of autonomous driving for item delivery, as acknowledged by Alphabet Inc.’s Waymo division. Other industry players are also participating in the race for autonomy, most notably, processor maker NVIDIA, which is commercializing its technologies into driving areas.

Investors remain confident in companies developing the fully autonomous driving stack. Significant investment has been shown by Honda ($750 million) and SoftBank ($900 million), both backing General Motors’ self-driving division Cruise. The most interesting startups and companies involved in autonomous driving are:

• Waymo: An autonomous vehicle company founded as a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. that is building a public ride-hailing service. It has experienced recent successes in scaling its fully driverless experience.
• TriEye: An Israeli startup that makes shortwave infrared cameras for autonomous vehicles that can monitor the environment in poor weather.
• BrightWay Vision: Another Israeli upstart that has developed a camera-based approach to piloting autonomous cars. Its night-vision technology provides robust ADAS functionality through integration of gated sensors and light sources within cameras and headlamps, respectively.

3. Vehicle-to-Everything Will Simplify Lives

Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) refers to Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication: wireless technology that enables data exchange between vehicles and their surroundings. Specifically, V2X technology can solve the issue of sensors that can’t detect objects outside the line of sight by enabling cars to wirelessly communicate with connected devices on other cars, pedestrians, and roadway infrastructure. When devices are connected to the same wireless network, V2X enables cars to detect the movement of objects outside the field of vision, ensuring safety beyond the traditional line-of-sight sensors. By sharing data, such as position and speed, to surrounding vehicles and infrastructure, V2X communication systems enhance driver awareness of potential risks.

V2X technology can enhance traffic efficiency by providing warnings for upcoming traffic congestion, alternative routing, and reduced CO2 emissions through adaptive cruise control. Such technology will help mitigate traffic and minimize fuel costs for individual vehicles. The V2V communication segment, with its focus on safety measures, is predicted to have the largest share of the automotive V2X market. The Cadillac CTS and Mercedes Benz E-Class vehicles are already on the road with equipped V2V technology.

Adoption of V2X is still in its early stages; few corporates and startups are working on the technology, and even fewer are testing it. However, automotive V2X is projected to grow at a CAGR of 17.61% from 2017 to 2024 to reach a market size of $84.62 billion by 2024 from $27.19 billion in 2017.

Automotive Vehicle-to-Everything Market Size: 2017-2024

The main drivers of market growth in V2X are: increasing concerns about transportation pollution and the growing trend toward safe, connected vehicles.

The most interesting players in the V2X field are:

• Qualcomm: An American hardware stalwart that designs, manufactures, and commercializes digital wireless telecommunications products and services. Its cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) technology allows vehicles to communicate with each other and their surroundings, providing 360° non-line-of-sight awareness and a higher level of predictability for enhanced road safety and autonomous driving.
• Savari: A US-based company that has developed and deployed a range of life-saving V2X applications displayed via dashboards or external smartphones/tablets. It has also developed Road-Side-Units to connect to traffic lights and On-Board-Units for both driver safety support and future road-vehicle cooperation systems.
• Autotalks: An Israeli startup that provides V2X communication modules that address issues related to communication reliability, positioning accuracy, and vehicle installation. The solution has applications in AVs, connected car safety, truck platooning, and wider smart infrastructure projects.

4. Mobility-as-a-Service Is Redefining the Navigation of Cities

Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is principally driven by alternative powertrains, EVs, and on-demand business models. Shifts are bringing the current vehicle-centric system of mobility to be replaced with a more efficient consumer-centric one. Originally focusing on ride-hailing and subsequently on car-sharing, MaaS has recently expanded into bikes and scooters, areas often referred to as micromobility due to a surge in investor interest and rapid consumer adoption. The light vehicles used in micromobility provide short-distance transport solutions for urban dwellers.

MaaS enables users to book various transportation services from apps, choosing e-bikes, e-scooters, taxis, or public transportation services in various combinations throughout their journey. MaaS has emerged as a viable alternative to personal vehicle ownership, and in many cases, it facilitates mobility across cities with subpar incumbent public transportation options.

MaaS platforms are arguably a more effective use of transport, given that personal vehicles are unused for 95% of the day. Shared mobility also allows users to avoid costs associated with ownership like insurance, tax, maintenance, and parking while still taking riders from point A to point B. Generally, the field of MaaS is broad, with four macro-themes at play:

1. Software for personal use (e.g., Zipcar)
2. Public transportation improvements (e.g., Citymapper)
3. Shared mobility services (e.g., BlaBlaCar)
4. Commercial use (e.g., CargoX)

The shift to smart mobility has already started, but to effectively achieve a societal shift, the adoption of a new way of thinking and widespread MaaS platform integrations is required. Users should be able to plan and pay for journeys by train, bus, taxi, etc. using one single application, or pay for an “all-in” subscription at a fixed price. Applications need to strive to manage all client transportation needs.

MaaS interfaces are moving toward deeper integration with transport network tools and journey planners to assist with real-time planning and in-app services like payment, bookings, and ticketing. Startups and automakers have also started to offer subscription services as an alternative to buying or leasing vehicles. While leases lack owners up to a few years at a time, such subscriptions allow users to rotate cars throughout the term.

One externality of social distancing is the slowing down of mobility industry services that focus on sharing vehicle space and ownership. As a consequence, consumers are pivoting to micromobility options, especially in dense urban areas. Various startups that were offering sharing platforms are adapting their business models to offer rental plans to effectively “ring-fence” a shared vehicle for periods of between a month up to a year.

In order to overcome profitably issues faced by sharing platforms, new efficiency-driven fleet management platforms are sprouting up. The pandemic has highlighted difficulties related to operations and fleet management, which has led to increased focus on driving down costs through efficiency. Superpedestrian in the US is one such example of how this is being done in practice.

Some of the most relevant players dealing with shared mobility and MaaS services are the ubiquitous Uber, Lyft, Bird, Car2Go, and Cabify. In addition, several interesting startups have recently emerged:

• Moovel: A European startup that provides an on-demand ecosystem combining car-sharing, ride-hailing, parking, charging, and multimodality from a single source. As part of the joint autonomous efforts of BMW Group and Daimler AG, it will rebrand to REACH NOW, an application and multimodal platform offering optimized travel planning across a range of means.
• Immense: A UK startup that offers fully integrated city simulations. It predicts the influence of new social hot spots and popular routes in areas, with the goal of enhancing the accuracy of transport planning decision-making.
• DUFL: Operating out of the US, DUFL offers a premium travel service where luggage is transported separately from the traveler. It stores items in a personal “closet,” allowing users to “virtually” pack by selecting items from an app. Upon arrival at the end destination, users are seamlessly reunited with their luggage.
• Mobility4All: A US-based startup that provides mobility solutions for disabled and senior citizens who are unable to drive. The service consists of fully screened and trained drivers, with real-time updates and communication options between drivers, riders, and caregivers.

Huge Disruption Brings Huge Opportunities

Companies and organizations should consider how to grow properly across multiple markets and segments and how their supporting operating models are structured. A new combination of cross-sectoral capabilities is required to build reliable solutions to move people and goods. Increased collaboration among players acting in different sectors will become essential for fostering innovation.

From a private sector perspective, change will not be driven by one company or sector. Instead, it will require unprecedented collaboration in order to develop precise and integrated mobility solutions, especially tech giants, which have the financial capabilities to support research and innovation in these sectors.

From a public sector point of view, cooperation between public and private, represented by big high-tech companies, must be encouraged as much as possible. In particular, governments should support the development of the four emergent trends highlighted in this article, with consideration toward how to drive investment into areas that can be harnessed for national gain.

The disruption is likely to be huge, and it will bring both great opportunities and risks.